Cost-effective nano-sensors rapidly detect pesticides on EU fruit

07 Jun 2022 --- Sweden-based researchers have developed a tiny sensor for detecting pesticides on fruit within a few minutes. The proof-of-concept aims to overcome the high cost and cumbersome manufacturing of current sensors. While still at an early stage, the researchers hope these nano-sensors could be scalable at the supermarket level to uncover food pesticides before consumption. 

“Reports show that up to half of all fruits sold in the EU contain pesticide residues that in larger quantities have been linked to human health problems,” says Georgios Sotiriou, principal researcher at the Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. 

“We developed inexpensive and reproducible nano-sensors that could be used to monitor traces of fruit pesticides at, for example, the store.”

The technique, described in the journal Advanced Science, uses flame-sprayed nanoparticles made from silver to increase the signal of chemicals.

Detected pesticides on apples
To test the sensors’ practical application, the researchers calibrated them to detect low concentrations of parathion-ethyl, a toxic agricultural insecticide that is banned or restricted in most countries. 

A small amount of parathion-ethyl was placed on part of an apple. The residues were later collected with a cotton swab that was immersed in a solution to dissolve the pesticide molecules. The solution was dropped on the sensor, which confirmed the presence of pesticides.

“Our sensors can detect pesticide residues on apple surfaces in a short time of five minutes – without destroying the fruit,” says Haipeng Li, postdoctoral researcher in Sotiriou’s lab. 

“While they need to be validated in larger studies, we offer a proof-of-concept practical application for food safety testing at scale before consumption.”

Flame nanoparticle deposition was used to produce robust nano-sensors that can detect pesticide residues on apple surfaces within minutes (Credit Haipeng Li and Georgios A Sotiriou).Flame spray technology
In the current study, the researchers created a SERS nano-sensor by using flame spray – a well-established and cost-effective technique for depositing metallic coating – to deliver small droplets of silver nanoparticles onto a glass surface. 

“The flame spray can be used to quickly produce uniform SERS films across large areas, removing one of the key barriers to scalability,” says Li. 

The researchers then fine-tuned the distance between the individual silver nanoparticles to enhance their sensitivity. To test their substance-detecting ability, they applied a thin layer of tracer dye on top of the sensors and used a spectrometer to uncover their molecular fingerprints. 

The sensors reliably and uniformly detected the molecular signals, and their performance remained intact when tested again after 2.5 months. This discovery underscores their shelf life potential and feasibility for large-scale production, according to the researchers.

Technology cross-pollination 
The new nano-sensors employ a 1970s discovery known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering, or SERS, a powerful sensing technique that can increase the diagnostic signals of biomolecules on metal surfaces by more than one million times. 

The technology has been used in several research fields, including chemical and environmental analysis, and biomarker detection for various diseases. However, high production costs and limited batch-to-batch reproducibility have hindered widespread application in food safety diagnostics.

The researchers want to explore if the nano-sensors can be applied to other areas, such as discovering biomarkers for specific diseases at the point of care in resource-limited settings.

The use of pesticides continues to be an ongoing concern in the EU. A report last month showed an increase in their use over the past nine years, with some previously banned chemicals coming back to the field for emergency use. 

Recognizing the dangers of pesticides to humans and nature, the UK is exploring gene-editing techniques to reduce the reliance on pesticides following its departure from the EU, where all gene-tampering has been outlawed for more than two decades. 

Edited by Missy Green