USDEC Explores Six Factors That Will Shape US Dairy Demand in 2016

17 Dec 2015 --- US Dairy Export Council experts have identified six underlying factors that will shape supply, demand and the US dairy industry’s ability to compete in the international marketplace in the year ahead. They cover some common themes from recent months, including the fall in demand from China, and increased production.

Despite sharply reduced Chinese and Russian purchasing and declining farmgate prices, milk production for many has remained sufficiently profitable to slow but not halt major shifts in net supply growth. Milk output from the top five suppliers - the European Union (EU), United States, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina - rose 2 percent from April 2015 (after EU milk production quotas fell away) through September. USDEC estimates fourth quarter 2015 output from the top five will show a rise of about 1 percent. 

Milk flows are slowing, but not quickly enough to account for the decline in demand. Moving into 2016, the big questions about supply include: What impact will El Niño (and subsequent La Niña?) have on production, particularly in Oceania; Will European processors continue to pay their farmers enough to keep contraction on hold; Will China milk production continue to climb, even in the face of a pullback in investment in the sector, thereby mitigating the need for imports?

2. Changing product mix

This year, New Zealand strategically shifted its product mix to lessen reliance on whole milk powder (WMP) trade to China. Similarly, the EU redirected milk meant for Russian cheese sales. Both export giants moved more heavily into skim milk powder (SMP) and butter, broadened export marketing efforts and increased their presence in key US markets, including Southeast Asia, South Korea, Japan, the Middle East and even Mexico.

Intensified competition in cheese, milk powder and other dairy products quickly followed. New Zealand, in fact, will export about the same volume of cheese this year as the United States, after we claimed the title of “world’s largest cheese exporter” in 2013.

Assuming no shifts in the Russian embargo or China’s buying habits in 2016, where will the EU and New Zealand direct their milk supply as well as their processing capacity investments?

Over the last few years, major European processors have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in plants for drying milk powders and whey proteins. New Zealand investment has run the gamut from milk powder to more high-value products, including lactoferrin, UHT milk, milk protein concentrate and cheese.

3. China’s economic growth

Economic growth drives dairy consumption. The economic signals for the year ahead are decent—the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects a respectable 4.5 percent GDP gain for emerging and developing markets in 2016, up half a point on this year’s 4 percent estimate.

However, political unrest, six-year low oil prices and worries about China’s economy have created significant downside risk. A weaker Chinese economy (what China is calling “the new normal”) brings particular concern not only for its impact on domestic consumption, but also how it would affect the economies (and consumption) in Southeast Asia, Japan, Korea and the rest of the world. (Britain’s The Guardian newspaper ran an informative series of infographics illustrating lost export value from the rest of the world due to slower Chinese buying.)

A few things to keep in mind:

• China’s GDP growth is still expanding at a greater-than-6-percent rate, and 6-7 percent growth on an economy the size of today’s China actually leads to larger overall gains than the double-digit growth of a decade ago when China’s overall GDP was smaller.

• Despite danger signs in banking, manufacturing and other sectors, Chinese consumer spending remains strong. In fact, it’s the best part of the economy, a positive sign for the administration’s efforts to convert from an export-based economy to one based on private consumption.

• China is making moves to support consumption growth, like removing its one-child policy and lobbying successfully for the IMF to grant the yuan reserve currency status, a move some analysts say will help drive further reforms to facilitate a consumption economy.

4. Fast-changing laws and regulations

USDEC has been working with Chinese authorities to implement a new dairy plant registration requirement for import suppliers since May 2014. Currently, China is evaluating the results of plant audits conducted this past summer. The situation is a perfect example of the time and effort required to meet proliferating overseas regulatory requirements and facilitate continued US dairy export growth.

Nations representing around half the world’s population are in the process of rewriting their food safety laws. That does not include countries that might be tightening their geographical indications systems or contemplating nutritional or labeling regulations. Issues making their way into 2016 include the ongoing Turkish health certificate revision and an in-the-works plant registration system in South Korea. Any change to existing regulatory regimes has the potential to throw a wrench into U.S. dairy exports. No doubt there will be more in 2016. 

5. A growing maze of international free trade agreements (FTAs)

USDEC is still analyzing the more than 6,000 pages of the draft Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement to determine the deal’s impact on dairy industry trade prospects. No matter the ultimate assessment, from a dairy standpoint it will not alter the fact that the United States needs to remain aggressive in negotiating trade deals that benefit US dairy to enhance its global competitiveness.

On Dec. 20, the Australia-China and New Zealand-South Korea FTAs are expected to enter into force and will bolster competition from Oceania in two key US markets in the New Year.

Not counting TPP, Australia, New Zealand and the EU combined are currently negotiating FTAs with more than 40 countries, including other large U.S. buyers. Not only is dairy market access a priority for all three, the EU is using trade deals to transfer its restrictive geographic indication regime to as many countries as possible, creating market access barriers to US cheese trade.

Well-negotiated FTAs lead directly to US export gains. An analysis of the 18 existing U. FTAs by National Milk Producers Federation Economist Peter Vitaliano indicate the agreements added nearly $6 billion to US exports from 2004-2014 (major product sales). There is so much to gain from negotiating FTAs and so much to lose by standing on the sidelines while our competitors forge their own deals.

As our competitors keep moving aggressively ahead, it is incumbent upon us to ensure we are doing so as well - particularly with key trading partners in need of dairy imports.

6. The rising US dollar

The US dollar gained 11-15 percent against the currencies of its three main competitors - Australia, the EU and New Zealand - over the course of 2015. An impending boost to US interest rates could drive the dollar higher in the months ahead. For US dairy exports, that’s not exactly great news, but it’s important to keep exchange rates in perspective.

Although currency plays a role in dairy trade, that role is secondary to many other factors, with supply and demand at the very top of the list. The main area of concern for a rising dollar is the potential impact it has on overall demand from major importing nations. Because dairy trade is denominated in US dollars, a strong dollar could lift import prices that will eventually work their way through to consumers and potentially deter consumption. That can curb demand growth, and that would be bad for dairy exporters from all countries.