Sugar, The Functional Ingredient in Sweet Bakery
19 Oct 2016 --- Not too long ago it was fat that was considered the healthy eater’s nemesis, now it’s the turn of sugar. Recent research has outlined the negative health effects associated with consuming too much sugar, namely: obesity, diabetes, tooth decay and cardiovascular disease and, as a result, the government has outlined an ambitious sugar reduction and reformulation programme as part of its childhood obesity plan being launched by Public Health England.
Many of us think we are making good food choices by consuming low fat or other types of ‘healthy’ foods - without realising the sugar content has been increased to compensate and produce a foodstuff that is actually comparable to the original ‘unhealthy’ version. Now the UK government has set the target of reducing the sugar content of foodstuffs generally by 20% by 2020, including a 5% reduction in the first year. The guideline daily amount for sugars in the UK has dropped to just 30g, which is less sugar than you’d find in a 330ml can of soft drink.
Amongst many others, the sweet bakery industry is one sector which is already being significantly impacted by these new recommendations. Thankfully for cake and other manufacturers, leading British owned clean label ingredient specialist Ulrick & Short is able to turn the production of baked goods and breakfast products on its head with its unique sugar displacement product, avanté.
This innovative ingredient enables manufacturers to reduce sugar by up to 30 per cent in cakes, snack bars and muffins – amongst other products – with no effect on product quality. Replacing sweetness is relatively straightforward with the use of artificial sweeteners and natural sugar substitutes, but replicating the functionality of sugar has always been more challenging.
The Impact of Sugar
Sugar is a highly functional ingredient. Depending on its application, it will contribute different and potentially multiple functions. It is this varied and vast functionality which makes sugar such a challenging yet interesting ingredient to replace.
Volume – Even though it’s missing from every ingredient list, air is a key ingredient for good cakes! Creaming the fats and sugar aerates the batter, increasing volume prior to the addition of baking powder. Due to the high surface tension of the batter the carbon dioxide released by the baking powder is only able to increase the size of existing bubbles, not produce additional ones. If there is too much sugar present then the cake will collapse due to the sugar crystallising in the cake, firstly preventing gluten from forming then creating a heavy top which makes the cake unable to rise.
Structure - The combination of protein coagulation and starch gelatinisation is what forms the final structure of the cake sponge, and the rate that this occurs is directly correlated to the levels of sugar present in the cake.
Colour, flavour and aroma formation - The chemical reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids, from proteins, is known as the Maillard reaction and it is this which gives colour and flavour to the cake, as well as releasing aromas. The Maillard reaction only occurs on the surface of the batter as this is the only part of the cake which reaches a high enough temperature and dehydrates enough to allow the reaction to occur.
The second reaction which aids colour and flavour formation is caramelisation. This is the breakdown of complex sugars into simple sugars prior to polymerisation.
Preservation - Due to sugar binding water, the shelf life of the cake can be extended. Sugar lowers the water activity in the cake by increasing the osmotic pressure: the pressure required to prevent the water flowing from a high water activity area to a low water activity area. A higher level of sugar increases osmotic pressure because the sugar is binding the water, which results in microorganisms being unable to absorb the water they require for growth: effectively, there is no free water for the bacteria to grow, hence inhibiting microbial growth.
Texture – Sugar acts as a tenderising agent as it absorbs water, delaying protein coagulation and starch gelatinisation.
So, in addition to being sweet, sugar also increases the starch gelatinisation temperature, slows down protein coagulation, increases batter volume, provides crust colour, extends shelf life and improves texture and softness within baked goods.
In short, sugar plays a far more complex functional role than most consumers realise, and calls for a reduction in sugar levels can only realistically be met by bakery manufacturers committing to the use of innovative replacement ingredients such as those developed by Ulrick & Short.
The bakery market in the UK alone is predicted to grow by nine per cent by 20201. Given the choice, consumers will select products perceived to be lower in sugar as long as they can be confident that the eating experience will be unaffected. With avanté, up to a third of the sugar in cakes and muffins can be replaced without losing any functionality - but with the added benefit of improving the nutritional value of the product; lowering sugar and therefore overall calories. This improved nutritional profile will in turn help consumers have their cake (and eat it) yet stay within their recommended GDA limit of 30g.
Ulrick & Short is the leading British-owned starch specialist, supplying household name food manufacturers across the world with naturally gluten-free non-GM ingredients, and innovating across a diverse range of food industry sectors including bakery, meat, dairy, soups and sauces. The company has a team of dedicated sector specialists and food technologists based in Yorkshire and works hand in hand with customers to maximise value from product development.
